Soccer :: Research Papers Essays

Soccer Table of Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 History of the Activity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Nature of the Activity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Playing Area†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 Physical Conditioning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 Practice Drills†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....7 Introduction Soccer is the worlds most popular sport. It is the national sport of most European and Latin-American countries, and of many other nations. Millions of people in more than 140 countries play soccer. The World Cup is held every four years. Soccer is one of the most famous international sports. Soccer is known world wide and is played in the Olympics. In a soccer game there are two teams of 11 players who try to score a point by kicking a ball into the opponents net. Soccer is played on a rectangular field with a net on each short side of the field. All players must hit the ball with their feet or body and only the goalie is allowed to touch the ball with his/her hands. There are many things you can do to condition yourself to play. Soccer the way we play it came from England in the 1800’s. Soccer was not that popular until the mid-1900’s. Today soccer is very popular and it is one of the nations fastest-growing sports. There are many exercises and drills you can do to improve how you play soccer. There is also many physical conditioning that players can do. Soccer can help you stay fit and healthy. Many people can play soccer and benefit from it. Soccer is very fun and a great recreational sport. History of the Activity Games similar to soccer were played in China as early as 400 BC. In about 200 AD the Romans played a game in which two teams tried to score by advancing a ball across a line on the field. The Romans passed the ball to one another but they never kicked it. London children in about 1100 played a form of soccer in the streets. During the 1800’s the people of England played a game similar to soccer. Many rules changed and each person interpreted the rules differently. In 1848 a group of school representatives met at Trinity College in Cambridge and drew up the first of soccer rules. In 1863 English soccer clubs founded the Football Association. By the late 1800’s soccer began to spread to the rest of the world. The Canadian Soccer Association was established in 1912 while the United States Soccer Federation was set up in 1913.

Ansel Adams :: essays research papers

Ansel Adams   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ansel Adams was born in San Francisco, California and his very early interests were more in music and other things than in photography. He hoped to one day become a professional of some sort in this venue. Adams, known for his great pictures of the western side of the United States, first took pictures in Yosemite National Park in 1916. This experience was so touching to Adams, he took it as a life long view of inspiration. Every summer he returned to Yosemite National Park to take more pictures. He also developed an interest in the conservative movement going on in the United States at the time. By 1920, he had become part of the Sierra Club, a group that wanted to preserve the western beauties. In 1927, Parmelian Prints of the High Sierras was published. This was Adams' first portfolio. After marrying Virginia Best in 1928, Adams became a professional photographer for the Sierra Club. In 1930, after meeting Paul Strand, another photographer, Adams devoted his life to photography. 1931 was they year that his work was first put into the Smithsonian Institution. Adams and some other Western United States photographers all came together in 1932 to form a group called f/64. They were devoted to making technically flawless prints of nature and the wilderness. Adams opened a gallery of his work in 1933 in San Francisco, The Ansel Adams Gallery. He published many prints including his first, Making A Photograph. In the following years, Adams moved to the Yosemite Valley and explored the Southwest with fellow photographers, Edward Weston, Georgia O'Keeffe, and David McAlpin. Around the time of World War II, Adams got a job as a photomuralist in Washington DC for the Department of the Interior. During 1944 and 1945, Adams lectured and taught courses on photography at museums. This teaching was followed by the establishment of one of the first departments of photography at the California School of Fine Arts in 1946. Throughout 1950 he made trips to Hawaii, Alaska, and Maine, and in that year he published Portfolio 2: The National Parks and Monuments. Dorothea Lange collaborated with Adams on his next project on the Mormons in Utah. By 1955, he had created a workshop in Yosemite and published Portfolio 3: Yosemite Valley under the Sierra Club.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Adams pictures always were aimed at getting pure darks and lights to get a range of tones for perfect clarity.

Analysis of Barbie Doll Essay

The Devastation of Social Pressure One would think that growing up would be a fun, not a worry in the world, happy experience. Yes, that is the way it should be, but that’s not always the case, especially for women. As girls season into women they realize they not only have to face the fact that they’re in a patriarchal society, but also the influences and pressure they face in the social aspect of things, such as their looks and body image. There is so much competition amongst girls, especially when transitioning into a woman and through most of their adulthood. So instead of being able to enjoy life and absorbing the true quality of it, we are side tracked with superficial, stereotypical, shallow thoughts and images of how we think life is supposed to be. Although, who’s to say what’s right and what’s wrong with the way we interpret things? Marge Piercy, who wrote the poem â€Å"Barbie Doll†, has a very strong view of how destructive social pressure can be to a girl through her transitioning stages into a woman. She expresses how the Barbie doll, the toy figurine that woman idealize, is, in fact, a method of corruption to a young girl. First and for most we must understand who the persona is in the poem, which is a woman, and more specifically Marge Piercy herself. She is observing a young girl going from Wolfe 2 childhood, adolescents, adulthood and then death in a roundabout way. Starting with the first stanza, of four, the persona explains of a young girl, and her playing with a doll, the Mattel’s Barbie doll to be precise. This doll is to be described as tall, blonde hair, blue eyes and it has the perfect body. The girl, â€Å"†¦presented dolls that pee-pee/and miniature GE stoves and irons/ and wee lipsticks the color of cherry candy† (2-4). The words iron, stove, and lipstick are all play-things for the girl, but are also identity markers. Such that the doll represents the ideal body image, the iron and stove tells us what type of work is expected of the girl when she becomes an adult (keep in mind that this poem was written in the nineteen seventies and that woman in the work force was still a very small percentage, thus women were still very domesticated) and the lipstick is to imply a sexual innuendo. In the last line in the first stanza the girl goes through puberty and no time is wasted before a classmate judges and criticizes her, â€Å"You have a great big nose and fat legs† (6). Going through puberty is a stage of growth. Adolescents become more aware of their social standing and sexual being. As we read further, the doll, she once played with, will create a major impact on her; in the aspect of her body image and the pressure she faces from her peers. In the second stanza we see how the woman is dissatisfied with herself even though she is â€Å"healthy and tested intelligent/possessed strong arms and back/ abundant sexual drive and manual dexterity† (7-9). The persona continues to say, â€Å"She went to and fro apologizing/Everyone saw a fat nose on thick legs† (10-11). The traits that this woman possesses, is in every way correct; however, she is so sure her physical traits are unacceptable to the culture. No matter what she sees in the mirror or what she hears, this won’t change her opinion about herself image. She has been brainwashed about her looks and she doesn’t think she is good enough. She goes around apologizing to everyone about the person she has become, believing there is no way she can change, at least in a healthy manner. In the third stanza we read how society is forcing the woman to change her healthy ways, physically, into something she isn’t. She does what she can to fit into society by, â€Å"†¦play[ing] coy/ exhorted to come on hearty/ exercise, diet, smile and wheedle† (12-14). She had so much pressure from every direction, she felt obligated to try and conform her body into what society viewed as ideal, which we know of as the Barbie doll toy. This idea was short lived. Instead of standing her grounds and accepting the individual that she is, she drowns. Society got the best of her, â€Å"Her good nature wore out/ like a fan belt† (15-16). She gave up and paid the ultimate price to be accepted in society, â€Å"†¦she cut off her nose and her legs/ and offered them up† (17-18). Now that she has removed her flaws she temporarily relinquishes her depression, weakness, and anxiety. Now that she has met the, impossible, unrealistic, standard, she can permanently wash her existences away and leave her shell of beauty behind. In the final Stanza, Piercy highlights the theme of the poem. Simply put, women aren’t accepted into society unless they represent the ideal woman. Now that the woman is free of body flaws and has had a makeover, she can be accepted into her culture even though we know this isn’t her true self. What must this say about the society she has been exposed to? In order to survive in this specific culture, if we’re not perfect, is to become someone we’re not. So not only do we have to try to live up to a standard that is not comprehendible but we also have to be fake. In the middle of the last stanza Piercy explains, â€Å"with the undertaker’s cosmetics painted on/a turned-up putty nose/dressed in a pink and white nightie† (20-22). The woman now has the superficial , but perfect, looks. She is manipulated (physically) so she can finally be recognized. Letting a society make this woman frail and surrender to being her own individual shows a lack of values and morals within herself. Having our own opinions, life experiences and ethics make us who we are and if we were all the same or are held up to the same expectations what would life be like? Would we all act like robots? Clones? As the woman has been re-configured, shallow talks are amongst her, â€Å"Doesn’t she look pretty? everyone said/Consummation at last/To every woman a happy ending† (23-25). Mission complete, she achieved her goal; she is pretty, unflawed, and looks like the ideal woman.

Boston Red Sox Management Report Essay

The Boston Red Sox are a privately owned organization located in the Kenmore Square part of the city. The team plays at Fenway Park, located at 4 Yawkey Way in Boston. The Red Sox Front Offices are also located at Fenway Park. The park is currently celebrating its one-hundredth year, and is the oldest park in Major League Baseball The organization is tall in structure but is also departmentalized by function within this structure. At the top of this structure are the three owners, John Henry, Larry Lucchino, and Tom Werner. This ownership group purchased the Boston Red Sox for $380 million in 2002 (Ozanian, 2012). John Henry is the Red Sox’ principal owner, while Larry Lucchino serves as the President and CEO, and Tom Werner serves as Chairman. This departmentalization can be seen one level down in the hierarchy of the Boston Red Sox. Under the owners, there are sixteen different departments. These sixteen departments consist of the typical organizational departments such as Marketing, Legal, Human Resources and Information Technology departments, but there are also several environmentally specific departments. These environmentally specific departments include Ticketing, Baseball Operations, Fan services and Entertainment, and Ballpark Operations. The heads of these sixteen departments report directly to the President and CEO, Larry Lucchino. The Boston Red Sox are privately owned and operated, meaning that they are not sold and traded on the stock market and that all funding comes directly from the owners themselves. The Boston Red Sox gain most of their revenue through ticket sales, as they are known for constantly having a full ballpark while having expesive ticket prices. In terms of sport, market, stadium, and brand management, they are valued at $912 million, the second highest valuation of the thirty teams in Major League Baseball (Ozanian, 2012). I spoke with Stephanie Maneikis, the Senior Manager for Fan Services and Entertainment with the Boston Red Sox. She is in charge of a plethora of different activities and people throughout the organization. These include managing Fenway Ambassadors, Yawkey Way Hosts, and Family Room staff, being he main liaison for the players’ wives and families, executing the pre-game ceremonies that take place prior to each game at Fenway Park, and overseeing the Yawkey Way and concourse entertainment. Stephanie told me that she began working for the Red Sox in 2006 as a Fenway Ambassador. She graduated from college in 2007 and after that, spent the next year working in a part-time capacity. During that year, she proved herself worthy of more and more responsibility. During the off-season of 2008, her manager at the time left the team and she was promoted to a full-time position as Coordinator of Fan Services & Entertainment. After a year as coordinator, she was named Manager, and was recently promoted to Senior Manager. Stephanie graduated from college with a Bachelor’s of Arts and her major was history. She told me that everything just sort of happened and fell into place for her. She likes to say she was in the right place at the right time, but she told me that she knows that she has worked extremely hard to get to where she is today. I asked Stephanie about the working atmosphere within the Boston Red Sox organization. She told me that working for the Boston Red Sox is a lesson in what it means to multi-task. There is never a dull moment and at any given time Stephanie could be working on 5 different projects, all of the utmost importance. It can be stressful, but at the end of the day she feels that it’s all worth it. Her co-workers make all the difference in the world and everyone within the organization feels like they are part of one big family. I also spoke with Kellie Holden, an Elon graduate who currently lives in Duxbury, Massachusetts. Kellie told me that she is a 6th grade special education teacher and she is responsible for teaching students who have reading and language based disabilities. We discussed how she got started with this type of work, and Kellie told me that she has always enjoyed working with children and during her senior year of high school she had an experience volunteering in an inclusion classroom with regular and special education students. Ever since that opportunity she knew that she wanted to be a special education teacher. I asked Kellie how she got her job and what jobs and experiences have led her to her present position. She told me that all of the practicum and student teaching experiences that she had at Elon were great on her resume, but they didn’t help her too much with connections back in Massachusetts. She had a few family friends who knew a few people in the town she currently works in. They were able to pass along her resume and get her an interview. Clearly, having connections is important in all fields, not just business. Finally, we discussed whether she finds her job exciting or boring. She informed that everyday at her job is different. She is always teaching new things which keeps it exciting, but her students make her job the most exciting. Working with special education students, nothing is ever simple but they make her smile every day. Lastly, I spoke with Patty Vattes, the Senior Manager of Human Resources with the Boston Red Sox. I asked Patty what makes a successful hire for the Boston Red Sox. She told me that the Red Sox view a successful hire as someone who is hard working, dedicated, innovative and willing to go the extra mile. Next we discussed the Red Sox’ approach to hiring and whether promoting from within is an important approach for the organization. She informed me that the Red Sox strive on the success from promoting from within. With almost all positions, the Red Sox look at internal candidates first and Patty told me that they are working on methods to improve that process. Lastly, I asked Patty what mistakes she has observed of unsuccessful candidates seeking to work with the Boston Red Sox. Patty said that an unsuccessful candidate with the Boston Red Sox is one who wants to work for the Boston Red Sox in any capacity and does not have a specific skill set or knowledge of the type of job they’d like to have. She told me that there have been many occasions when someone says they’ll do anything just to work for the Red Sox, and that is never a good statement to make. Clearly, like any business, the Red Sox want people with various skill sets and a not someone who just wants the glamour of working for a Major League Baseball team.

Is men appear stronger than women in his play “A Midsummer Nights Dream “? Essay

How does Shakespeare make men appear stronger than women in his play â€Å"A Midsummer Nights Dream â€Å"? How does this affect society at the time of writing? â€Å"A Midsummer Nights Dream† was written by William Shakespeare and was rumoured to be written around 1598, when Elizabeth the 1st was on the throne. The reason that it is believed to be written around this era is that at the time there was a few years of bad weather in England. This links to the effects of Titania and Oberon’s argument over the changeling child whereby the fairy and mortal world are changed. Titania is the Queen of the fairies and Oberon is the King of the fairies. In this essay I will be providing evidence that men seem stronger than women in â€Å"A Midsummer Nights Dream† by using quotations and personal reasons. As ‘A Midsummer Nights Dream’ is set in Athens and there are four main groups of characters, the lovers, the mechcanicals Theseus, the duke of Athens is getting married to Hippolyta, the Queen of amazons. Egeus has chosen a husband for his daughter, Hermia, who has refused to marry Demetrius. Egeus has gone to the Duke to ask him what he can do about his uncooperative daughter. The Dukes solution is to punish Hermia for disobeying her father; to die or to marry Demetrius. This contradicts my essay title that men are more powerful than women, however, this is only one of the very few times when women seem to be more powerful than men. Hermia is actually in love with Lysander and he is in love with her so he refuses to give her up to Demetruis. To avoid punishment from the Duke, they both flee the nearby forest just outside of Athens were they are followed by Helena and Demetruis. The problems start to arise when Puck, the henchman of Oberon places a love potion in the wrong athenians eye. Making Lysander fall in love with Helena and when he tries to resolve the problem he puts the â€Å"love potion† in Demetrius’s eyes. Demetruis and Lysander are now madly in love with Helena leaving Hermia with nobody loving her. Again Puck creates another problem by messing about while a group of work men are rehearsing for a play that they hope to perform at the Duke’s wedding. This creates a very humorous moment in the play. This is also evidence that the play was written for the Queen Elizabeth 1st as she liked comedies. This is ideal for Oberon’s plan to humiliate the Queen of the Fairies to get the changeling boy that he desires so much. During the period of time when the love juice is in effect, there is a lot of misunderstandings and bewilderment. The fairies create a lot of trouble in the play as well as a paranormal element. It is also like a dream when the play is set in the forest and then when it is set in the city of Athens it more realistic. In the play Egeus can not control his daughter so we assume that he is a weak person especially as in Shakespeare’s time it is thought that women were controlled by males and they weren’t suppose to question it. To prove this Theseus says, â€Å"To you your father must be a god â€Å" Egeus goes on to describe how Demetrius is a man who she should marry. He blames Lysander for her change in attitude towards him as the play continues, â€Å"Turned her obedience, which is due to me, to stubborn harshness†. During the time of Shakespeare women were possessions to men, as Egeus says, â€Å"As she is mine, I may dispose of her† Egeus goes on to explain about the law but he needs Theseus to control the situation, as he is the Duke. In this situation the female involved, Hermia, is the more powerful then Egeus, however, the situation changes when they go and speak to Theseus. where they both threaten Hermia with death. To prove to her father that she will not obey him Hermia argues, â€Å"I grow, so live, so die, my lord†¦unto his lordship, whose unwished yoke† This basically means that you can kill me but I will not be happy until I marry Lysander. Oberon is the King of the Fairies and Titania is the Queen of the Fairies. They are both powerful but in different ways and that is what makes the story interesting. When we first meet Oberon and Titania we find out that they are having an argument or a misunderstanding. We know this because the first thing that Oberon states is â€Å"Ill be met by moonlight, proud Titania† Titania replies with â€Å"I have forsworn his bed company† This reply shows that they are in the middle of the quarrel as she won’t do what Oberon wants her to do; to give him the changeling boy. For a long time Titania resists and she even refuses to go to bed with him. Again like Egeus and Hermia women are supposed to obey men and this is another example of disobedience from women. A changeling boy show power to who ever owns one as a changeling boy is a henchman that’s why Titania wont even give him up for the for the Fairy Kingdom. â€Å"Not for thy fairy kingdom† But Oberon response shows his power because he can take revenge â€Å"Well go thy way †¦ till I torment thee for this injury† By saying this he explains to the audience how his strength and control can be used to retaliate against Titania’s infliction. Theseus and Hippolyta were both leaders of a cluster of people. Theseus was the Duke of Athens and had control over all the people that lived in the Greek city of Athens and Hippolyta was the Queen of the Amazons. The Amazons were a group of women that hated men who had fought in battles and also had a ritual to cut their right breast so they could fire arrows. They both had a lot of respect from two very different groups of people. Hippolyta was seen as a trophy wife, she was won in a battle and so became his prize. Theseus shows Hippolyta off to show that he has the power to win battles. As explained earlier Egeus came to Theseus with a dilemma about his daughter and to show his power he threatens her with a death penalty. During the play Hippolyta doesn’t say a lot of things and it is obvious that she has hidden feelings, but as a conclusion Theseus has a lot more power over her, this proving my statement. The first we see of Demetrius is in the forest and Helena is following him. They are both looking for Lysander and Hermia when we notice that Helena is trying to beg for Demetruis’s love, â€Å"I am your spaniel †¦ your wrongs do set a scandal on my sex we cannot fight love, as many men do† Helena seems a pushy character and seems selfish. I think this because it is obvious that he doesn’t love her but she still asks and pleads him to love her. The power is definitely towards Demetrius as he is denying Helena’s love because he loves Hermia. Demetrius shows his strength and takes advantage of her by saying â€Å"leave the city.† The power changes after puck puts love juice in his eyes while he is sleeping. This affects everything as he now loves her so much and doesn’t love Hermia anymore as Demetrius says, â€Å"O Helena, goddess nymph, perfect divine† By saying this he weakens his masculinity to what Helena was before. Queen Elizabeth was a very powerful woman and to show this she once said this very memorable quote, â€Å"I know I have the body of a weak and feeble, but I have the heart and stomach of a king and a king of England at that† This quote reflects how men were perceived as powerful and strong and women as weak and incapable. Queen Elizabeth was about the first woman to show that she was strong and not how women were portrayed as. She somewhat broke the dowry system law, which was that women were not aloud to work or do anything constructive. In conclusion of this essay I feel that men are overall more powerful than women but after further consideration I feel that towards the end of the play the power changes over to the women. This is all down to Puck and Oberon with the love juice. There is certain situations were women appear more powerful than men. That situation is with Egeus and Hermia, as she doesn’t get punished for loving Lysander rather than the chosen Demetrius. Even at the end of the play she still has power over him as they marry. I think the play was the best out of the Shakespeare plays that I have previously studied. I enjoyed it because it was one of the plays that I actually understood and I like the comedy that was included in the play. I also liked how the subplots all rolled in to one or they affected one of the other plots.

Economics †Puerto Rico Essay

In this paper will identify, describe and production costs of the Company San Juan Cell Phones compares. In turn, the potential risks are identified in making management decisions. In addition, will analyze and assess what are the best ways to prevent negative consequences for the company. The term cost refers to the amount or representing a product or service according to investment in material, labor; training and time that you need to develop it. As you can see, the term is characteristic and central to economics as it is the point at which any part of trade or economic relationship between two parties. The cost is to be paid by those who want to receive a product or service to have it in his possession or under his control. Today, the cost of a product or service is expressed in most situations in terms of money or capital (which may itself vary currency according to the region or area in which the exchange takes place). However, in antiquity and long, humanity carried on their t rade and economic exchanges through the delivery of other items such as spices. The cost of the products is then provided to the equivalent cost for a given quantity of spice. Economic Costs According to McConnell & Brue (2008), Economic costs include all payments that must be received by resource owners to ensure a continued supply of needed resources to a particular line of production. Economic costs include explicit costs, which flow to resources owned and supplied by others, and implicit costs, which are payments for the use of self-owned and self-employed resources. One implicit cost is a normal profit to the entrepreneur. Economic profit occurs when total revenue exceeds total cost (= explicit costs + implicit costs, including a normal profit).  Differentiate between short-run costs and long run depending on use of whether variable or fixed productive factors. In Short-run costs: have fixed and variable inputs. Therefore, variable and fixed costs will be. Within the short-run costs are: Total Cost is the market value of all inputs used to produce a product. It has 2 components: fixed and variable costs: (1) is determined and unchanging value that is independent o f production volume, are those costs always exist e.g. rent, electricity, etc. (2) A Variable cost is a cost that is incurred depending on the volume of production, human cost (work) and commodities. (3) The marginal cost is the change experienced by the total cost when an additional unit increases production. Grows in contrast to the marginal productivity sense, if it grows, the marginal cost decreases. In Long-run costs: there are only variable costs. In the long run, firms have no fixed costs are all variables that the factors of production are thus the total cost, which is equal to the variable costs. The curves in the long-run costs, they say to each output, with the lowest cost that can be obtained, assuming all inputs vary. The curve means short-run costs will be tangent to the long-run average costs. The total long-run cost is equal to all the variable costs of the company. Some of the reasons why the average total cost curve to be increasing, stable or declining: (1) the means and long-run marginal costs, like a â€Å"u† because it produces income production. (2) When yields are constant output grows proportional / the increase factor, and average costs are constant. (3) When yields are rising, the long-term costs decrease. (4) When yields decrease long-term costs are rising. (5) Normally the company began taking increasing returns but as the situation is complicated diminishing appear. Overall yields are mixed. San Juan Cell Phone Scenario This scenario presented the actual dilemma of company San Juan Cell Phone in Puerto Rico. In this scenario the production manager need to analyze the potential risks, consequences positive or negative and possible solutions; of accepting the order of 100,000 units of cell phone of the company â€Å"Big Box† and accept or reject the external production of the cell by outsourcing, an external company called â€Å"Original Equipment Manufacturer†. In order to make a recommendation on what would be the best alternative for this scenario and to provide a solution that does not affect the company,  analysis and recommendations will be divided into phases. In the first phase will analyze the unit profitability report of San Juan Cell Phones, which is found in Table 1 in the statistical appendix of this document. This table shows that the company San Juan Cell Phones has a price per unit for the Alpha model for $ 20, of which the variable costs per unit are $8, fixed overhead s per unit are $ 9 and a profit per unit of $ 3. The company â€Å"Big Box† will not pay more than $ 15 per cell phone; which implies a loss of $ 5 dollars per unit price for San Juan Cell Phone. If we analyze the loss from the perspective of the total cost of production, San Juan Cell Phones would have a total loss of production of $200,000, even without adding that there was no profit from this production. This loss would lead to other serious problems to company profitability, which will be difficult to replenish in the short term because the equilibrium price in the market is $15. Therefore can notice an excess supply. San Juan Cell Phones must make a comprehensive analysis of their variable and fixed costs and trying to lower them to compete with the market price and maintain profitability. On the other hand, evaluating the offer that provides OEM to San Juan Cell Phones, where the price of production per unit is $14; we can see that San Juan Cell Phones could meet the production requested by Big Box and in turn obtain a profit of $100,000. This in turn allowing you to San Juan Cell Phone keeps the market equilibrium price of $ 15. Where the company can lower the current price per unit and maintain its excess demand in the market and maintain profitability. As part of this analysis shows that the grant to the outsourcing manufacturing, with the penalty would take to keep all their employees working and running the factory capacity. And therefore their bonus, which is based on the overall profitability of the company, is affected. Recommendations of best alternative solution In the second phase of this analysis will make the recommendations to follow to meet the expectations required by Bib Box, without loss of profitability, and to meet the value established by the company. Below the suggested recommendations: (1) Is to secure the order of 100,000 phones required by Bib Box. (2) Establish agreements with OEM outsourcing. In this agreement the Alpha prototype model and the quality of the prototype will be established, also limit the time of delivery and the amount of production is  settled. In turn, the price of $ 14 per unit, which is not negotiable, is settled. (3) Establish a plan for reengineering the organization structure, technology and the human factor in the production line of Alpha models as initial phase of the process. At a later stage the reengineering organization to another production line would be extended. Observe the appendix A: Guide for Strategic Planning and Organizational Reengineering. These recommendations are aimed to the San Juan Cell Phones company, can get the desired order to maintain profitability. In addition to be able to maintain its equilibrium price in the market, you can keep your excess demand, increase their volume of production and profits. In addition meet its corporate values ​​to provide its customers with high quality and exceed the expectations of them. Conclusion In the scenario presented the administrative task being viewed uncertain and challenging, as a number without variables, change and transformation is affecting it. It’s time for San Juan Cell Phones, perform an analysis of their strengths and limitations of your environment and make a formulation of strategic alternatives. This analysis will take the company to be more efficient and effective in meeting the needs of its consumers, taking into consideration an adaptability, a proactive character and flexibility to embrace change, in turn have a better interaction with new technologies and positive changes in the values ​​of corporate society attitude. Reference McConnell, C. R. & Brue, S. L. (2008). Economics: Principles, problems, and policies (17th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill/Irwin. Pugel, T. A. (2007). International economics (13th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill/Irwin. University of Phoenix. (2014). Student Resources. Retrieve from https://newclassroom3.phoenix.edu/Classroom/#/contextid/OSIRIS:46311129/context/co/view/activityDetails/activity/d547f818-bc95-4e40-b161-61f94462bdb7/expanded/False Statistical Appendix

Batna for Soutwest Airlines and Muse/Transtar Essay

1. Introduction – Know your and their source of power – Analyze By identifying yours and their sources of power. But in order to do this, you need to know what gives one negotiator more power than another. Where is the source of power from, focusing on BATNA and resources. 2. Knowing – exploring a Good BATNA Also known as Best Alternative to reaching a Negotiated Agreement.. An example of a scenario of using BATNA would be, do you need to negotiate at all or do you have other options or alternatives available for you? Question: If this deal cannot be reached, how can I still reach my aim? The less you need to reach, the more powerful you are because you have a good BATNA, because you have other choices than completing the negotiation in question. Example of scenario: When haggling over the price of an item, a vendor may be wiling to lower their price significantly because they know that the other vendors in the market all carry a similar item and roughly at a similar price. Very much the vendors interest is to strike a deal with you at that moment, while you are more than ready to walk away because you have numerous other chances to shop for the item. Therefore leading to, your BATNA, consequently your negotiating power, is improved the less you need to complete the negotiation and the more you can  create other options for reaching your aims. Flipside, the other party’s negotiating power decreases the more they need to make a deal with you because they have fewer options available to them. 3. Access & Mobilization of Resources This would be the second source of negotiating power stems for the ability to access and mobilize resources. Having resources does not equate with being more powerful. Why? Answer: 1.First in context, power is context specific. Example, when you have a bag of candy, and the other person doesn’t, you clearly have more power. Its not the same when both have a bag of candy, therefore context makes all the difference in the world whether a resource has value or not. 2. Actualization, power is non existent if its not possible to express or actualize it. In other words, owning all the materials to build a house might make me more powerful, but if I don’t have the skills or tools to build anything, then my power is reduced because I cannot reach my aim. Therefore power stemming from access to resources is only real power when resources can be mobilized. 4. Collect Information What is their BATNA, what resource is relevant to this particular negotiation and which one do they don’t have access to control? Can they mobilized the resources they possess? What are their restrictions and will they be able to overcome these restrictions? The answers to these types of question will be vital for the next step of formulating a full negotiating strategy. 5. Strategy Development Your goal is to protect your own interest while looking to reach a solution that also meets your interests. Somewhat ironically, as you help empower yourself to meet your interest and by helping them to meet theirs, you are co-empowering them. That is if both parties reach a deal that meets our common interest, then both would be more powerful through the process  because both got what they wanted from negotiations. This means protecting your interest, by increasing your power while accounting for the influence of theirs. This requires skillful use of both protective or defensive measures in order to deflect and re-channel their use of power into an agreement that is mutual benefit. Power Tactics There are a number of tactics to make your negotiating strategy happen: 1. Protect or reveal information at key points while being careful not to reveal anything that would compromise you. 2. Collect information from the other party – Keep it confidential or reveal it at certain key points if it will help advance your mutual interest. 3. Make reaching a deal with you an attractive option while improving your BATNA by developing other avenues to reach your goals. 4. Change the context in favor 5. Increase your resources- ensuring you can mobilize them. Decrease their resources from mobilizing them if they are being used in a manner that is detrimental to reach a mutual acceptable deal. 6. Leverage your resources for maximum effectiveness 7. Be firm and focus: Know your objectives and all available resources to it.