Forensic Toxicology and Dermal Sensitization †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Forensic Toxicology and Dermal Sensitization. Answer: As a toxicologist assigned to determine whether a novel chemical has the capability of dermal sensitization production, I will use the following steps to explain how I would test for dermal sensitization. In undertaking this task, I will also present an explanation for the model/test system I would further provide a brief description of how the test is run and how the results are interpreted. To undertake this assignment, I have chosen the Guinea Pig Maximization Model because it is easy to use and has been previously effective in testing the production of dermal sensitization. GPMT Overview At least ten animals are utilized in treatment cohort and a minimum of 5 animals are used in control cohort/twenty-test and ten-control animals. Induction is then undertaken originally on skin of shoulder area with 3 intradermal injections on day zero. Control animals also receive 3 intradermal injections, however, only vehicle is utilized in place of test substance. Five to seven days later animal skin is smeared with 0.50 mL of ten percent sodium-lauryl-sulfate in Vaseline. This painting is done to create a local irritation, twenty-four hours later, test substance is applied for 48 hours under occlusion (Varns et al., 2016)). Challenge is then undertaken on twentieth-twenty-second day with reapplication of patches for twenty-four hours and assessment of results done at 48 hours and 72 hours following challenge. Magnusson and Kligman grading scale is then utilized for evaluation. Zero equal no observable change, one equals discrete/patchy erythema, two equals moderate and confluent erythema while three indicates intense erythema and swelling. Aim: To establish the sensitizing prospective of a test article when it is dermally applied. The test conforms to the established OECD Guideline 406 and EPA-OCSPP 870.2600 standards. Principle: The contact dermal sensitization remains an immunological procedure whereby a host animal, via recurrent skin-exposure, needs a particular allergic-sensitivity to a substance. Guinea Pig Maximization (GPMT) model will have the contact dermal sensitivity being demonstrated as a surged erythema. Test Overview: The following sections generally details briefly how the Guinea Pig Maximization Model is used to undertake and interpret the dermal sensitization test and results respectively. Typical Testing Time: Approximately ten wees encompassing pre-test, central test and reporting times. Induction Stage: In the 1st induction stage, it will encompass a manifold intradermal injections to test using twenty animals. I will use an adjuvant (fifty percent Freunds Complete Adjuvant; FCA), the test article (TA) alongside the mixture of TA and FCA. I will administer the mixture to the dorsum (clipped free of hair) in duplicate 0.10-ml injections (Sato, Yuta Kusaka, 2017). I will select TA concentration that does not yield local ulceration/necrosis. The TA concentration I choose will also be free from systemic toxicity. I will then treat Ten Vehicle Group animals identically with an exemption of replacing vehicle for the TA. I will then examine the treated sites of every animal and score them at twenty-four-and forty-eight hours following the injections (Hamada, Bruze, Zimerson, Isaksson Engfeldt, 2017). After 7 days, I will apply the 2nd induction which is applied administered topically via the application of a TA-saturated two-centimeter by four-centimeter section of the Whatman No. one filter paper over the past already injected intradermal sites clipped free of hair for forty-eight hours as an obstructed exposure. I will tolerate TA concentration in the similar manner, however, this time using the vehicle. I will then examine the treated sites of every animal and score them at forty-eight hours following patch application. Challenge Phase: After the fourteenth day following the topical induction, I will topically challenge the animals in both Vehicle Group and TA Group over a twenty-four, occluded exposure. I will do this by applying a two-centimeter by 2-centimeter section of Whatman number one filter paper saturated with the uppermost non-irritating TA concentration on left flank. I will apply vehicle in similar manner as TA. And I will also apply patch to right flank of every animal. I will then examine and score the challenge sites after twenty-four hours and forty-eight hours following the removal of patch (Lewandowski Cohen, 2016). Interpretation: I will regard a score of one/greater than 1 for redness in the GPMT a positive response. I will determine sensitization prospective on the basis of proportion of the animals showcasing a positive reaction. A 6-animal screening study is appropriate in determination of the suitable induction (topical and intradermal) and challenge (topical) concentrations. References Hamada, H., Bruze, M., Zimerson, E., Isaksson, M., Engfeldt, M. (2017). Factors Affecting the Concentration of Diphenylmethane-4, 4-Diisocyanate in Freunds Complete Adjuvant. Can They Affect the Outcome of the Guinea-Pig Maximization Test?. Journal of Clinical Experimental Dermatology Research, 8(4). Lewandowski, T. A., Cohen, J. M. (2016). Skin sensitization risk assessment: Considering available data for weight of evidence assessments. Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology: RTP, 82, 186-187. Sato, K., Yuta, K., Kusaka, Y. (2017). Skin Sensitization Model Based on Only Animal Data by Qualitative Structure-Toxicity Relationships (QSTR) Approach. In Allergy and Immunotoxicology in Occupational Health (pp. 93-101). Springer Singapore. Varns, K., Finnema, S. J., Stepanov, V., Takano, A., Tth, M., Svedberg, M., ... Halldin, C. (2016). Neurokinin-3 Receptor Binding in Guinea Pig, Monkey, and Human Brain: In Vitro and in Vivo Imaging Using the Novel Radioligand,[18F] Lu AF10628. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 19(8).

Symbolic Imagery and Theme of Morality in The Tale of Kieu.

Imagery is one of the strongest elements used in literature, and especially in poetry. It is one of the major means which is often used in order to develop the theme of the tale. There are many types of imagery used in the poetry: nature imagery, imagery of smell, view and hearing, weather imagery, etc. Symbolic imagery is one of the strongest means available to the authors too convey the message.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolic Imagery and Theme of Morality in The Tale of Kieu. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The most commonly used elements of imagery are taken from nature. Indeed, the elements of nature have deep philosophical and cultural context, thus, they presents a great help to the writer when developing a particular theme. Moon imagery is often used in literature, especially in Asian, because moon is very symbolic and takes a very significant place in the Vietnamese life and culture. The story of Kieu is considered to be a masterpiece and it is well known to every Vietnamese. The author uses symbolic imagery of the moon in order to develop the theme of morality. This imagery explores the character of the main hero of the tale, Kieu, and moral choice that she faced. Using the moon, the author demonstrates the purity of the soul of the main character despite harsh conditions of her life. In particular, the author addresses symbolic imagery of the moon when talking about mental state of Kieu, her appearance and how she managed to remain the same girl as she was before the events. For Vietnamese, The Tale of Kieu became, â€Å"a kind of continuing emotional laboratory in which all the great and timeless issues of personal morality and political obligation are tested and resolved (or left unresolved) for each new generation† (Swensson n. p.). Thus, it is no wonder that the author uses the uses the imagery of the moon in order to explore the mental state of the main char acter in situations that she encounters in her life. First of all, the author refers to moon when describing the purity of Kieu’s first love, â€Å"The stark bright moon was gazing from the skies/ as with one voice both mouths pronounced the oath† (Du line 25). Moon is associated with the Keeu’s mood. The mood is bright, as well as the mood. We meet the image of the moon each time when Kieu is happy, or when the situation is positive. For example, when she comes back home after a long time, â€Å"the waning moon shines more than at its full† (Du 161). The girl is happy and the moon shines brightly. However, moon is a symbol of not a good mood only, but appears when the girl is sad, â€Å"An autumn night-through windows wafts of breez;/ high in the sky, a crescent moon, three stars.† (Du 85).Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moon is used to describe the appearance of the main character, as well as her sister Thuy Van. In Vietnam mythology, there is a goddess of the moon which is considered to be the icon of beauty. The girls are described as â€Å"her (Van) face of a moon, her eyebrows two full curves† (Du 3) and â€Å"She (Kieu) ought to rule the moon.† (Du 57). Van is beautiful as the mood, but Kieu is even more beautiful. She possesses the features of the Moon goddess which means, that she has the same qualities; that she is not only beautiful, but tender, graceful and gentle, with the same moral qualities. As it has already been mentioned, the nature imagery (moon) is used to develop a theme of the tale and address the moral issues. As the moon is associated with the main character, the author refers to Kieu when developing this theme. The girl was forced to meet difficult circumstances. Each time, the presence of the moon accompanied these dramatic events. We can see that regardless the â€Å"turns of fate† and harsh circumstances, the girl managed to remain the same personality that she was at the beginning when manifesting her pure feeling of love to Kim. She was forced to go against morality and sell her body, but her soul was guarded by the moon. Her actions were moral from the point of view of her intentions. Thus, we can conclude that moon preserved her morality and her soul remained as pure as the moon. The moon was a witness to her innocence. â€Å"We’ve had no chance to tie the marriage tie. / But it’s still there, the moon that we swore by:/ not face to face, we shall stay heart to heart† (Du 29). It can be considered that the author shows the immorality of the tale. Indeed, the girl’s actions were immoral, even when her intention was sincere. In this regard, the imagery is used to contrast the purity of the moon with immorality of the girl. However, the girl did a moral choice, and thus her actions are moral. The image of the moon at the end of the tale supports this. The image of the moon plays an important role in the tale. The author makes use of the moon imagery to develop the theme of the story and address moral issues. The image of the moon is used to describe the appearance, mental state and morality of the main character. It also helps in understanding of the problem of the Kieu’s moral choice. Thus, the author estimates that the girl managed to save her morality and the innocence of her soul regardless the circumstances she faced.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolic Imagery and Theme of Morality in The Tale of Kieu. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Works Cited Du, Nguyen. The Tale of Kieu. Trans. Huynh Sanh Thong. New Haven: Yale University, 1983. Swensson, John. â€Å"Kim Trong and Scholar Ma Section†. Lecture by John Swensson, Oct. 1998. Web. This essay on Symbolic Imagery and Theme of Morality in The Tale of Kieu. was written and submitted by user C0tt0nm0uth to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Scandal in Fort Brag essays

Scandal in Fort Brag essays Captain of the football team, voted most popular and most likely to succeed in his graduating class, graduate of Princeton, Green Berets Doctor. These are the tings that characterize Jeffrey Macdonald accused and convicted of killing his Wife Collete who was with child and his two daughters Kimberly, five, and Kristen, two. They lived in Fort Brag, North Carolina where he was serving as a doctor. In the years following the death of his family more and more evidence has been collected and revealed linking him and others to the case. This to the best of my understanding is what happened on the night of February 16th, 1970 when everything came crashing down. It was a rainy and cold night on the base and the streets were quite in the neighborhood in which the family resided. Collete had returned home from a night class she was taking at the University of North Carolina extension on the base. When she got home she found her husband watching TV alone having put the girls to bed 40 minutes earlier after they had watched Laugh-In. Jeffrey and Collete drank some liqueurs in front of the television and as Johnny Carson came on Collete went to bed. Jeffrey how ever was not ready to turn in for the night so he watched the entire show and then continued to read a book he had started a couple weeks earlier. He was interrupted by his daughter Kristen to whom he gave a bottle of chocolate milk and put back to bed. Around 2 oclock he finished the novel and did the dishes before heading towards the master bedroom to go to sleep. He found his daughter Kristen sleeping next to her mother, he also saw that she had wet the bed. He carried Kristen to her own room and not wanting to disturb his wife, took a blanket from the closet and went to sleep on the couch instead of changing the sheets. Eyes open! Collete was screaming, Help me Jeff. Help me Jeff (McGinniss 27) and his daughter Kimberly yelling, Daddy, Dadd...

Account for the Development of Public Health Reforms in the 19th Century and Assess Their Role in Improving the Populations Health by the Early 20th Century Essays

Account for the Development of Public Health Reforms in the 19th Century and Assess Their Role in Improving the Populations Health by the Early 20th Century Essays Account for the Development of Public Health Reforms in the 19th Century and Assess Their Role in Improving the Populations Health by the Early 20th Century Essay Account for the Development of Public Health Reforms in the 19th Century and Assess Their Role in Improving the Populations Health by the Early 20th Century Essay OOO o 233,000, of Glasgow from 77,000 to 345,000, of Liverpool from 82,000 to 376,000 and of Manchester from 75,000 to 303,000 (Alcock,Daly,Griggs,2008) Small areas of habitation grew quickly until they grew into the major cities. Birmingham and Sheffield became famous for their manufacturing trades. London, Liverpool and Bristol grew because of the docks, railways and canals that enabled goods to be exported. The unprecedented numbers of people moving to, and indeed creating these towns and cities meant that housing solutions needed to be found very quickly; to this end some factory owners built accommodation for their workers, hese would be built close to the factories so that the workers could easily be called to work by the factory bell, as most workers did not have their own clocks. As the factory owners were motivated primarily by profit, and tended to view workers as Just another resource accommodation was often constructed to the lowest possible standard. Salford, once more important than Manchester, was then the leading town of the surrounding district to which it still gives its name, Salford Hundred. Hence it is that an old and therefore very unwholesome, dirty, and ruinous locality is ouses could be extremely basic with communal toilets and without running water, and with no arrangements made for the disposal of human waste. Over-crowded, ill-drained, badly-ventilated, and miserable abodes which line the narrow lanes and filthy alleys abounding in most large town (Roberts, 1855) With the numbers of people moving to the towns and cities there could not be enough houses built to cope with demand; in these cases people would be forced to live in cellars and other unsuitable dwellings, often alongside other families and even animals. It often appens that a wh ole Irish family is crowded into one bed; often a heap of filthy straw or quilts of old sacking cover all in an indiscriminate heap, where all alike are degraded by want, stolidity, and wretchedness. Often the inspectors found, in a single house, two families in two rooms. All slept in one, and used the other as a kitchen and dining-room in common. Often more than one family lived in a single damp cellar, in whose pestilent atmosphere twelve to sixteen persons were crowded together. To these and other sources of disease must be added that pigs were kept, nd other disgusting things of the most revolting kind were found. (Engels, 1844) Although the boom in housing created problems with the removal of human waste, however this had been a feature of urbanised areas for some time before the industrial revolution; as Samuel Pepys recorded in a diary entry for 20th October 1660, Going down to my cellar I put my feet into a great heap of turds, by which I find that Mr Turners house of office is full and comes into my cellar (Halliday, 2007) With the problem of waste disposal and over-crowding in squalid conditions came he inevitable increase in diseases. In one place we found a whole str eet following the course of a ditch, because in this way deeper cellars could be secured without the cost of digging, cellars not for storing wares or rubbish, but for dwellings for human beings. Not one house of this street escaped the cholera. (Engels, 1844) There had always been disease in the towns and cities, however, with the increased population it spread faster than at any other time, and there seemed no way to halt its progress. There were many diseases that flourished in these environments, ncluding Influenza, Tuberculosis, Typhoid, Typhus, and the most feared at the time, Cholera. Again, the repeated visitations of cholera, typhus, smallpox, and other epidemics have shown the British bourgeois the urgent necessity of sanitation in his towns and cities, if he wishes to save himself and family from falling victims to such diseases. (Engels, 1844) During this century, medical science advanced at hitherto unprecedented speed, and more people than at any other time entered t he medical profession, In the first half of the century the medical world was raising the xpectation that treatment of the body could become as exact a science as knowledge of the body. Throughout the land, much money and energy was being devoted to medical care and its study. Between 1801 and 1850 more university- educated men entered the profession in Great Britain (over eight thousand) than in all of previous history. (Haley 1978) However, there was still a lot to be learned about the nature of disease, and the causes of epidemics were poorly understood. The theory of miasma (the belief that disease was spread by smell and foul air) was still popular as an explanation of how diseases were spread. Cholera was greatly feared being a water-borne disease, attacked all, notably the middle classes with their better water supplies and struck fear into the hearts of the governors, local and national. The response to the outbreak of infectious disease varied from town to town, however police in Manchester responded to one outbreak of Cholera, by evacuating and disinfecting the area. The first court below Ducie Bridge, known as Allens Court, was in such a state at the time of the cholera that the sanitary police ordered it evacuated, swept, and disinfected with chloride of lime. (Engels, 1844) Towards the end of the century, Britain was involved in conflicts around the world in order to defend her empire from the emerging powerhouses of Japan and Germany who were keen to forge their own empires and trading routes. In 1899 conflict erupted between the British and the Boers, being the South African descendents of Dutch settlers. The Boer army turned out to be well prepared, well trained and provided with enough food and provisions to defend themselves for three years, whilst the British, having believed that the war would be quickly over, were nowhere near as well-prepared. The Boer war highlighted a serious problem for the forces, specifically that the recruits being called upon to defend the nation, being largely drawn from poverty-stricken areas where the conditions discussed above were rife, were often weak and of poor health. At that time, it became apparent that there were serious problems with public health in Britain: up to 40% of recruits in Britain were unfit for military service, suffering from medical problems such as rickets and other poverty-related illnesses. 80% of men presenting for service in the Boer War were found by the Army Medical Corps to be physically unfit to fght. wrww. forces- war-records. co. uk) The realisation that the population had become too weak to defend the nation, alongside the increasingly common outbreaks of disease arising from cramped, unsanitary living conditions of workers led to the Report of the Interdepartmental Committee into Physical Deterioration in 1904, which called for changes to be made to ensure the nations health did not deteriorate further than it already had. In the 1906 general election the Liberal Party gained power after an extensive period of Conservative government and immediately embarked on a series f Acts to improve the health of the nation. These included the provision of free school meals in 1906, health checks for school children in 1907, the Notification of Births Act in 1907 to allow midwives to ensure that newborn babies were being fed and cared for correctly and the Childrens Act of 1908, which was designed to keep orphans out of prisons and set up childrens homes for them. By focusing primarily on the health of children, they were working to improve the health of the next generation, thus ensuring a steady supply of fit and healthy individuals who could be called upon to defend the nation, if necessary. The Labour Exchange Act of 1909 and the National Insurance Act of 1911. were the first that the nation had seen that tried to tackle the problem of unemployment and ill health. The Labour Exchange Act sought to bring together those people who were looking for work with those who needed workers. The National Insurance Act was split into two stages, firstly giving people a right to medical treatment and sick pay in return for a payment each week out of their wages, and secondly giving people the right to unemployment pay for up worker before claiming it. There are differing theories about the effectiveness of hese reforms in improving the health of the population at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. What cannot be denied, however, is that the death rate fell in this period, from 22. 6 deaths per 1000 in England and Wales in 1860 to only 14. 4 per 1000 by 1905 (Gascoigne, S, 2012) Thomas McKeown, in his book the Modern Rise in Population (1976) looked at the detailed death records that were kept for Britain at the time of the reforms to assess their effect on the recorded deaths. He concluded, after extensive research, that the improvements to he nations health during the period 1850-1914 was as a result of a steady rise in living standards and the associated rise in average nutritional intake (McKeown, 1976) which was a secondary result of the reforms as people were able to support themselves whilst out of work and were able to move quickly from Job to Job, no longer subject to the fluctuations of business which may have previously led to a dependency on a poor law that could no longer support them. The dark shadow of the Malthusian philosophy has passed away, and no view of the ultimate scheme of things would now be accepted under which multitudes of men and women are oomed by inevitable law to struggle for existence so severe as necessarily to cripple or destroy the higher parts of their nature. (Dorling, D, 2002) McKeowns conclusions were questioned by Simon Szreter who wished to discover if the link between the death rate falling and the public health r eform was solely due to the better diet and living standards that were available, or it there was another cause. Szreter started out by analysing the relationship between diseases, with particular attention to the fact that once infected with a disease a person is more susceptible to catching other iseases. Szreter also suggests that it may be a case of the statistics being misreported that led to the reduction, as opposed to the medical and sociological advances that were occurring. In conclusion, there were many factors that that led to the development of public health reforms during the 19th Century; of these the most prominent were the rapid influx of people into the cities and towns leading to the rapid development of often unsuitable living arrangements, a polluted water supply, inadequate drainage and waste disposal; all of which contributed to the high levels f squalor experienced by those who lived there. This in turn led to outbreaks of diseases, which worried the government as diseases such as cholera seemed to infect regardless of class. The threat from disease combined with the lack of suitable soldiers to protect Britains empire from emerging states such as Germany spurred the Government into action and brought about the public health reforms in the 19th Century. The effectiveness of these reforms is still under debate, with academics trying to establish what was the primary reason for the death rate falling between 860 and 1905; the debate appears to be between those who believe it was the advances in medical knowledge of nutrition, cleanliness and the causes and treatment of disease and those who believe it was the public health reforms that were introduced because of the pressing need for intervention to prevent the poorest people becoming to enfeebled to work, thus becoming a load on the poor law. The reason that the health of the population increased into the early 20th Century seems to be a combination of public health reform and rapid increase in have a welfare state and NHS which are the em. y of the world.

The Millennium Dome Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

The Millennium Dome Project - Research Paper Example Blair was trying to rescue the Millennium Dome, which, far from being the built representation of his reforming, forward-looking, government – â€Å"Cool Britannia† replacing â€Å"Rule Britannia† (that looked back to the time of the British Empire) – was rapidly becoming a political and financial scandal. That very evening was a disaster: thousands of guests were still stuck in lines at security checkpoints at Stratford Tube Station when the midnight hour struck and for those who made it to the Dome the champagne ran out!† It was built on a 300-acre land overlooking the River Thames. The Dome measures 320 meters in diameter, and reaches a height of 50 meters at its center; it was created to lure tourists to London. The costs for the Dome reached 758 million pounds (or more than $1.2 billion). The Dome was destined to be a failure. It carried the slogan â€Å"Time to make a difference†, which was heavily criticized by the press, and the citizens of London were asking, â€Å"What difference will it make?† Many however were looking forward to its opening for it certainly was making history. It was designed to attract tourists to London, help regenerate the depressed Greenwich borough provide a showcase for UK designs and companies and reinforce London’s image as a dynamic international city. (Swarbrooke, 2002, p. 345) At the time of the Dome project, there were many other similar projects envisioned and already started by the Government as an outcome of the global economic and cultural changes. In the post-industrial city, economic survival depends upon growth in the service sector. (Thornley, 2000, p. 689) The Millennium Commission was set up to decide the allocation and announced on 28 July 1996 that the Dome would take place on the Greenwich peninsula in London. The big bulk of the money came from the National Lottery when Prime Minister John Major and his Conservative Party decided to open it for a year’s exhibition, after which it had to be sold to  any interested private bidder.

Writing Assignment 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Writing Assignment 8 - Essay Example During all my research I failed to locate any negative reports that indicated abuse of the system or felt it was unworkable. I took the further step of contacting maintenance to get an estimate of plans, expense and materials. These are included in the report. They have assured me that it will be a simple task to transform an existing office into a Quiet Room. I have also contacted Human Resources and they are evaluating the project to assure it has proper oversight. Interviews with employees and the questionnaires that were returned indicate a highly favorable reaction to a Quiet Room. Though there was a healthy amount of skepticism, I think the report will alleviate any lasting concerns when the value of the program is understood. The construction of a Quiet Room will certainly aid in creating a more dedicated and productive workforce. Again, thank you for allowing me the opportunity to explore this very valuable project. I feel the time was well spent and I look forward to getting the reaction of senior management. I would be glad to follow up any further issues or questions that may arise in the future with regards to this project. This report outlines the risk to health and well being we expose our employees to by creating a culture of sleepiness and perpetuating the fear of proper rest. It points out the benefits that are gained when workers feel free to get the necessary rest and relaxation they need while at the job. It proposes the construction of a Quiet Room where employees can take a quiet break away from their duties in the course of their workday. Health and psychologists have pointed out the need for proper rest and adequate sleep. The cost to companies in absenteeism, accidents, and lost productivity is enormous. Researchers have also found a correlation between short naps and marked improvement in alertness and mental ability. Resting quietly during the day can aid our physical health as well as our mental

Economic conditions Essay Example for Free

Economic conditions Essay In this essay I’m going to argue that social, political, or economic conditions cannot alter the nature and meaning of art, with specific reference to works of art from Baroque and Rococo epochs. Evaluating a work of art is always a complicated task. Since the perception of art and beauty is highly subjective, it’s hard to think of universal criteria to measure artistic qualities of a certain piece. However, there is a broad consensus among the critics that there are certain criteria they apply when judging an art work. It’s possible to focus on four main criteria to judge an art work. First and foremost, the piece should be aesthetically pleasing, i. e. correspond to the all-common notion of beauty. It should be harmonious and evoking positive, elevated feelings. While there is a trend among some contemporary artists to make their pieces arouse indignation and disgust with a view to delivering a certain message or merely astonishing the public, I strongly deem that art and aesthetics are inherently linked. For instance, a typical example of baroque sculpture St. Theresa in Ecstasy of the church of Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome created by Bernini is perfect in its form, since it captures the beauty and harmony together with motion and energy. Same is true about Rococo sculpture: looking at ‘Amour menacant’ created by Etienne Maurice Falconet, it’s impossible not to admire the high degree of sophistication and perfection the statue of the little angel embodies. The second criterion I’m going to use is quality of workmanship, i. e. the mastery of artists’ skills. Another criterion which is very important is the uniqueness of artists’ manner. Great artists stand out for the peculiarity of their individual style. Some of them prefer to pioneer new forms and techniques, yet this is not a prerequisite for creating a style of your own. Many talented artists don’t break away from the tradition but simply find their own niche within the existing patterns of expression. While some artists of the Baroque and Rococo epoch were considered rebellious, e. g. Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, they didn’t violate basic rules of harmonious and aesthetically pleasing artistic expression. Jean-Honore Fragonard’s manner was also innovative in many instances, sine he introduced a delicate interplay of light and shadow as well as implicit eroticism into mainstream French painting, however he adhered to the generally accepted notion of what beauty and art are. Finally, the forth criterion is the message the piece is trying to send. Here it’s necessary to take into account the importance and relevance of the message as well as how successful the piece is in delivering it. Baroque and Rococo painters mainly focused on the depiction of mythological and religious scenes as well as the scenes from the daily life of the upper circles of society. While both themes that dominated the artistic discourse might seem to be detached from the real life, they served an important goal of educating the public about mythological and religious narratives or captured the spirit of their times through the portrayal of the privileged members of society The most persuasive proof of the thesis that social, political, or economic conditions cannot alter the nature and meaning of art is the fact that nowadays we still admire great works of art irrespective of the epoch they belong to.